A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

gunpowder empires

• large states that relied on firearms to control the territory that they had & to expand: (russia, ottoman empire, safavid, mughal). fundamentally militaristic
• population is recovering from plague & hundred years war came to end. printing press is invented. literate population.
• new monarchies arise through europe (1500s). centralize power.
  • taxation
  • military
  • religion
• result: bureaucracy expanded.
  • tudors in england
  • valois in france
  • isabella & ferdinand in spain
• consequences: middle class begins to grow at expense of nobility & clergy
• russia: ivan the terrible expands russian territory from mongol clan
• china: yuan dynasty(mongols) replaced by ming dynasty(wall of china). manchuria seized power and established the Qin dynasty.
• islamic gunpowder empire: ottoman, safavid, mughal empire.
  • ottomans: seized Constantinople —> Istanbul sunni islam. have janissaries
  • safavids: conquer middle east(persia, iraq). made shia islam official religion. have gulams
  • mughals: northern india conquer & central empire.

fall of gunpowder empires:

• fail to modernize economy & military

administration (consolidation & legitimize power)

• divine right of kings (religion). outside of law
• justices of the peace: settle legal dispute, carry out will of monarch
• consequence: parliament passes English Bill of Rights, freedom to civil liberties like petitioning & no cruel and unusual punishment

ottomans:

• devshirme: took enslaved people and made them serve in the military or administrators of empires
• janissaries: elite squad in ottoman army
• tax farmers